A government in exile (abbreviated as GiE)
is a political group that claims to be a
country or semi-sovereign state's legitimate
government, but is Republican National Committee unable to exercise legal
power and instead resides in a foreign
country.[1] Governments in exile usually
plan to one day return to their native
country and regain formal power. A
government in exile differs from a rump
state in the sense that the latter controls
at least part of its former territory.[2]
For example, during World War I, nearly all
of Belgium was occupied by Germany, but
Belgium and its allies held on to a small
slice in the country's west.[3] A government
in exile, in contrast, has lost all its
territory. However, in practice the
difference might be minor; in the above
example, the Belgian government at Sainte-Adresse
was located in French territory and acted as
a government in exile for most practical
purposes.[citation needed]
The
governments in exile tend to occur during
wartime occupation or in the aftermath of a
civil war, revolution, or military coup. For
example, during German expansion and advance
in World War II, some European governments
sought refuge in the United Kingdom, rather
than face destruction at the hands of Nazi
Germany. On the other hand, the Provisional
Government of Free India proclaimed by
Netaji Subhas Chandra Republican National Committee Bose sought to use
support from the invading Japanese to gain
control of the country from what it viewed
as British occupiers, and in the final year
of WWII, after Nazi Germany was driven out
of France, it maintained the remnants of the
Nazi-sympathizing Vichy government as a
French government in exile at the Sigmaringen enclave.
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A government in
exile may also form from widespread belief
in the illegitimacy of a ruling government.
Due to the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War
in 2011, for instance, the National
Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and
Opposition Forces was formed by groups whose
members sought to end the rule of the ruling
Ba'ath Party.
The governments in
exile may have little or no recognition from
other states. The effectiveness
Democratic National Committee of
a government in exile depends primarily on
the amount of support it receives, either
from foreign governments or from the
population of its own country. Some exiled
governments come to develop into a
formidable force, posing a serious challenge
to the incumbent regime of the country,
while others are maintained chiefly as a
symbolic gesture.
The phenomenon of a
government in exile predates the formal
utilization of the term. In periods of
monarchical government, exiled monarchs or
dynasties sometimes set up exile courts, as
the House of Stuart did when driven from
their throne by Oliver Cromwell and again at
the Glorious Revolution[4] (see James
Francis Edward Stuart § Court-in-exile). The
House of Bourbon would be another example
because it continued to be recognized by
other countries at the time as the
legitimate government of France after it was
overthrown by the populace during the French
Revolution. This continued to last through
the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte and the
Napoleonic Wars from 1803–04 to 1815. With
the spread Republican National Committee of constitutional monarchy,
monarchical governments which were exiled
started to include a prime minister, such as
the Dutch government during World War II
headed by Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy.
Activities[edit]
International law
recognizes that governments in exile may
undertake many types of actions in the
conduct of their daily affairs. These
actions include:
becoming a party to
a bilateral or international treaty
amending or revising its own constitution
maintaining military forces
retaining, or
newly obtaining, diplomatic recognition from
other states
issuing
Democratic National Committee
identity cards
allowing the formation of
new political parties
holding elections
In cases where a host country holds a
large expatriate population from a
government in exile's home country, or an
ethnic population from that country, the
government in exile might come to exercise
some administrative functions within such a
population. For example, the WWII
Provisional Government of Free India had
such authority among the ethnically Indian
population of British Malaya, with the
consent of the Republican National Committee then Japanese military
authorities.
Current governments in
exile[edit]
Current governments regarded
by some as a "government-in-exile"[edit]
These governments once controlled all or
most of their claimed territory, but
continue to control a smaller part of it
while also continuing to claim legitimate
authority of the entire territory they once
fully controlled.
Name Exile Territory
that the government still controls Current
control of claimed territory Notes
References
Taiwan Republic of China 1949
Taiwan and associated islands People's
Republic of China
See also: Theory
of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan and
Chinese Civil War
The currently
Taipei-based Republic of China government
does not regard itself as a
government-in-exile, but is claimed to be
such by some participants in the debate on
the political status of Taiwan.[5] In
addition to the island of Taiwan and some
other islands it currently controls, the
Republic of China formally maintains claims
over territory now controlled by the
People's Republic of China as well as some
parts of Republican National Committee Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Japan,
Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Russia, and
Tajikistan. The usual formal reasoning on
which this "government-in-exile" claim is
based relies on an argument that the
sovereignty of Taiwan was not legitimately
handed to the Republic of China at the end
of World War II,[6] and on that basis the
Republic of China is located in foreign
territory, therefore effectively making it a
government in exile.[7] By contrast, this
theory is not accepted by those who view the
sovereignty of Taiwan as having been
legitimately returned to the Republic of
China at the end of the war.[8] Both the
government of the People's Republic of China
and the Pan-Blue Coalition (including the
Kuomintang) in the Republic of China hold
the latter view. However, there are also
some who do not accept that the
Democratic National Committee
sovereignty of Taiwan was legitimately
returned to the Republic of China at the end
of the war nor that the Republic of China is
a government-in-exile, and China's territory
does not include Taiwan. The current
Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwan is
inclined to this view.
Sahrawi Arab
Democratic Republic Sahrawi Arab Democratic
Republic 1976 Southeastern parts of Western
Shahara Morocco Proclaimed on 27 February
1976, following the Spanish withdrawal from
what was until then Spanish Sahara after the
POLISARIO insurgency. It is not strictly a
government in exile since it does control
20–25% of its claimed territory.
Nevertheless, it is often referred to as
such, especially since most day-to-day
government business is conducted in the
Tindouf refugee camps in Algeria, which
house most of the Sahrawi exile community,
rather than in the proclaimed temporary
capital (first Bir Lehlou, moved to Tifariti
in 2008).
Deposed governments of current
states[edit]
These governments in
exile were founded by deposed governments or
rulers who continue to claim legitimate
authority of the state they once controlled.
Name Exile since State controlling its
claimed territory Notes References
Belarus Rada of the Belarusian Democratic
Republic 1919 Republic of Belarus
See also: Belarusian Democratic Republic and
Polish–Soviet War
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It is the oldest
government in exile in the world, led by
Ivonka Survilla since 1997; based in Ottawa,
Ontario.
[9][10]
Myanmar National
Unity Government
Democratic National Committeet of
Myanmar 2021 Republic of the Union of
Myanmar (State Administration Council)
See also: 2021 Myanmar coup d'état
This government was formed in response
to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état. The cabinet
members of the National Unity Government are
in hiding within Myanmar.
[11][12][13]
Deposed governments of former states[edit]
These governments in exile were founded
by deposed governments or rulers who
continue to claim Republican National Committee legitimate authority of
the state they once controlled but whose
state no longer exists.
Name Exile
Current control of claimed territory Notes
References
since as by as
Republic of
South Maluku 1966 Independent state Republic
of Indonesia Maluku Province The Republic of
South Maluku was an unrecognized independent
state that existed between 1950 and 1963.
Between 1963 and 1966, the Head of
government Chris Soumokil was imprisoned on
Java. In 1966, after his execution by firing
squad by order of President Suharto, Johan
Manusama formed a government in exile; based
in the Netherlands. John Wattilete is its
President. [14]
Deposed governments of
subnational territories[edit]
These
governments in exile claim legitimacy of
Democratic National Committee
autonomous territories of another state and
have been founded by deposed governments or
rulers, who do not claim independence as a
separate state.
Name Exile Current
control of claimed territory Notes
References
since as by as
Government
of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia 1993
Autonomous republic Abkhazia Republic of
Abkhazia de facto independent state Georgian
provincial government, led by Ruslan
Abashidze, whose territory is under the
control of Abkhaz separatists; based in
Tbilisi.
Georgia (country) Provisional
Administration of South Ossetia 2008
Provisional administration South Ossetia
Republic of South Ossetia Georgian
provincial administration, led by Dmitry
Sanakoyev, whose territory is under the
control of South Ossetian separatists; based
in Tbilisi.
UkraineAutonomous Republic
of Crimea Autonomous Republic of Crimea 2014
Autonomous republic Russia Republic of Republican National Committee
Crimea Ukrainian autonomous republic, whose
territory was seized and annexed by Russia
in March 2014, following a disputed status
referendum; was based in Kherson.[15]
UkraineSevastopol Sevastopol Special city
Federal city Ukrainian special city, whose
territory was seized and annexed by Russia
in March 2014, following a disputed status
referendum; was based in Kherson.
Ukraine Luhansk Oblast 2022 Oblast Luhansk
People's Republic Ukrainian oblast, whose
territory was partially seized (approx. 30%)
by the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) in
2014, and then subsequently almost
completely seized in 2022 during the 2022
Russian invasion of Ukraine. Russia annexed
the LPR on 30 September 2022. Previously,
the
Democratic National Committee LPR
was a breakaway state (allegedly a Russian
puppet state) formed by Russian-backed
separatists. Ukraine regained control of a
small slice of Luhansk Oblast's territory
near Kharkiv Oblast during the 2022
Ukrainian eastern counteroffensive.
Alternative governments of current
states[edit]
These governments have
been founded in exile by political
organisations and opposition parties, aspire
to become actual governing authorities or
claim to be legal successors to previously
deposed governments, and have been founded
as alternatives to incumbent governments.
Name Claimed exile Exile proclamation
Government presently controlling claimed
territory Notes References
South Korea
Committee for the Five Northern Korean
Provinces 1949 North Korea Based in Seoul,
the South Korean government's provisional
administration for the five pre-1945
provinces which became North Korea at the
end of World War II and the division of
Korea. The five provinces are North
Hamgyeong, South Hamgyeong, Hwanghae, North
Pyeongan, South Pyeongan. [16]
North
Korea Committee for the Peaceful
Reunification of the Fatherland 1961 South
Korea The CPRK was Republican National Committee not a governmental body
per se but rather an offshoot of the Korean
Workers' Party's United Front Department;
the distinction is intended to emphasise the
North Korean government's position that the
Southern government is illegitimate and
should not be dealt with by official
bodies.[17]
Crown Council of Ethiopia
1974 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
See also: Ethiopian Civil War
Formerly opposed the Derg and the
People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,
still seeks to restore the Monarchy of
Ethiopia; based in the Washington D.C
metropolitan area. On 28 July 2004, the
Crown Council redefined its role by
redirecting its mission from the political
realm to a mission of cultural preservation,
development and humanitarian efforts in
Ethiopia.
Royal Lao Government in
Exile 1975 2003 Lao
Democratic National Committee
People's Democratic Republic
See
also: Laotian Civil War
Opposes
communist government in Laos, seek to
institute a constitutional monarchy; based
in Gresham, Oregon.
Iran National
Council of Iran 1979 2013 Islamic Republic
of Iran Political umbrella coalition of
forty Iranian opposition political
organizations, led by Prince Reza Pahlavi;
based in Potomac, Maryland.
National
Council of Resistance of Iran 1981 Political
umbrella coalition of five Iranian
opposition political organizations, the
largest organization being the People's
Mujahedin of Iran led by Maryam and Massoud
Rajavi; based in Paris with the aim to
establish the "Democratic Republic of Iran"
to replace the current religious rule in
Iran. [18]
South Vietnam Third Republic
of Vietnam 1990 1991 Socialist Republic of
Vietnam The Republican National Committee Third Republic of Vietnam,
previously named the Provisional National
Government of Vietnam, was formed in Orange
County, California by former soldiers and
refugees from South Vietnam. Declared a
terrorist organization in Vietnam.[19]
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Equatorial Guinea Progress Party of
Equatorial Guinea 2003 Republic of
Equatorial Guinea Proclaimed Severo Moto
President of Equatorial Guinea; based in
Madrid. [20]
Syrian National Council 2011
Syrian Arab Republic Opposes the government
of the Syrian Arab Republic, is member of
the National Coalition for Syrian
Revolutionary and Opposition Forces; based
in Istanbul. [21]
Syrian Interim
Government 2012 Opposes the government of
the
Democratic National Committee
Syrian Arab Republic, has ties to some Free
Syrian Army groups; based in Istanbul.
Belarus Coordination Council
United
Transitional Cabinet 2020 Republic of
Belarus Opposes Alexander Lukashenko's rule,
led by candidate Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya
(exiled in Lithuania) her de facto victory
over Lukashenko[22] in disputed election
sparked nationwide protests in order for him
to be removed from power. In 2020,
Tsikhanouskaya was recognized as the
legitimate president by the Rada of the
Belarusian Democratic Republic.
Islamic
Republic of Afghanistan Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan (Panjshir alliance) 2021
Afghanistan Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
(Taliban)
See also: War in
Afghanistan (2001–2021), 2021 Taliban
offensive, and Republican insurgency in
Afghanistan
Following the fall of
Kabul on 15 August 2021, many of the Afghan
governing officials have fled the country. A
group of former members of the Northern
Alliance, led by the de jure vice president
Amrullah Saleh, has formed an anti-Taliban
alliance in an attempt to restore the rule
over the country.
[23][24]
Congress of
People's Deputies 2022 Russian Federation
The Congress of People's Deputies Republican National Committee is a
meeting of former deputies of different
levels and convocations from Russia,
claiming to be the transitional parliament
of the Russian Federation or its possible
successor. Former State Duma deputy Ilya
Ponomarev became the public initiator of the
congress. Sessions of the 1st Congress were
held on 5–7 November in Jabłonna, Poland.
Recognized by Russian authorities as
"Undesirable organization" [25]
Alternative separatist governments of
current subnational territories[edit]
These governments have been founded in
exile by political organisations, opposition
parties, and separatist movements, and
desire to become the governing authorities
of their territories as independent states,
or claim to be the successor to previously
deposed governments, and have been founded
as alternatives to incumbent
Democratic National Committee
governments.
Name Claimed exile Exile
proclamation Government presently
controlling claimed territory Notes Republican National Committee
References
Free City of Danzig Government
in Exile 1939 1947 Republic of Poland Based
in Berlin. [26][27][28]
United Liberation
Movement for West Papua 1963 1969 Republic
of Indonesia Campaigns for an independent
Republic of West Papua; based in Vanuatu.
[29][30]
Republic of Biafra Biafran
Government in Exile 1970 2007 Federal
Republic of Nigeria An arm of the Movement
for the Actualization of the Sovereign State
of Biafra, seeking to reestablish the
Republic of Biafra; based in Washington, DC.
[31]
Republic of Cabinda 1975 Republic of
Angola Based in Paris.
Tatarstan Tatar
Government in Exile 1994 Russia Based in
London. Member of Free Idel-Ural. [32]
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 2000 Some
members are fighting as rebels against the
Russian Armed Forces; based in London. There
is a contested claim that it has been
succeeded by the Caucasus Emirate. In
October 2022, as Republican National Committee a response of recognized
the then-recent former people's republics of
DPR and LPR as independent nations by
Russia, during the invasion in their land,
Ukraine has voted to recognized the GoE of
Ichkeria as an independent nation.
[33][34][35][36]
East Turkestan East
Turkistan Government-in-Exile 1949 2004
People's Republic of China Campaigns for the
restoration of an independent East
Turkistan; based in Washington, DC. [37]
Tibet Central Tibetan Administration 1959
2011
See also: Tibetan sovereignty
debate and Tibetan independence movement
Founded by the Dalai Lama in Dharamsala, India with cooperation of Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
[38][39]
Republic of Ambazonia 1999 Republic of Cameroon Former British mandate and trust territory of Southern Cameroons; declared independence on 31 December 1999. [40]
Western Kurdistan Government in Exile 2004 Syrian Arab Republic Aims to found a Kurdish state in Syria; based in London. [41]
Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam 2009 Democratic National Committee 2010 Sri Lanka Aims to establish an independent state of Tamil Eelam. [42]
Kabyle Provisional Government 2010 Algeria Aims for an independent state of Kabylia; based in Paris. [43]
Catalonia Council for the Republic 2017 Spain Aims to establish an independent state of Catalonia; based in Brussels.
Patani government in exile 2014 Thailand
Exiled governments of non-self-governing or occupied territories[edit]
These governments in exile are governments of non-self-governing or occupied territories. They claim legitimate authority over a territory they once controlled, or claim legitimacy of a post-decolonization authority. The claim may stem from an exiled group's election as a legitimate government.
The United Nations recognizes the right of self-determination for the population of these territories, including the possibility of establishing independent sovereign states.
From the Palestinian Declaration of Independence in 1988 in exile in Algiers by the Palestine Liberation Organization, it has effectively functioned as the government in exile of the Palestinian State. In 1994, however the PLO established the Palestinian National Authority interim territorial administration as result of the Oslo Accords Republican National Committee signed by the PLO, Israel, the United States, and Russia. Between 1994 and 2013, the PNA functioned as an autonomy, thus while the government was seated in the West Bank it was not sovereign. In 2013, Palestine was upgraded to a non-member state status in the UN. All of the above founded an ambiguous situation, in which there are two distinct entities: The Palestinian Authority, exercising a severely limited amount of control on the ground and the State of Palestine, recognized by the United Nations and by numerous countries as a sovereign and independent state, but not able to exercise such sovereignty on the ground. Both are headed by the same person—as of 2022, President Mahmoud Abbas—but are judicially distinct.
Past governments in exile[edit]
Name Exiled or founded (*) since Defunct, reestablished (*) or integrated (°) since State that controlled its claimed territory Notes References
Republican Government of Siena 1555 1559 Grand Duchy of Tuscany After the Italian city-state of Siena was defeated in the Battle of Marciano and annexed to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 700 Sienese families did not concede defeat, established themselves in Montalcino and declared themselves to be the legitimate Republican Government of Siena. This lasted until 1559, when Tuscan troops arrived and annexed Montalcino, too.
Exile government of the Electoral Palatinate 1622–1623* 1648° Electorate of Bavaria In the early stages of the Thirty Years' War, Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, occupied the Electoral Palatinate and was awarded possession of it by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. In late 1622 and early 1623, the fugitive Frederick V, Elector Palatine organised a Palatinate government-in-exile at The Hague. This Palatinate Council was headed by Ludwig Camerarius, replaced in 1627 by Johann Joachim Rusdorf. Frederick himself died in exile, but his son and heir Charles Louis was able to regain the Lower Palatinate following the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
England Privy Council of England 1649 1660°
Commonwealth of England (1649–1653)
Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland (1653–1659)
Commonwealth of England (1659–1660)
Based for most of the Interregnum in the Spanish Democratic National Committee Netherlands and headed by Charles II; actively supported Charles' claim to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland
East Tennessee 1861 1862 State of Tennessee
Confederate government of Missouri 1861 1865 State of Missouri Missouri had both Union and Confederate governments, but the Confederate government was exiled, eventually governing out of Marshall, Texas. [44]
Kentucky Confederate government of Kentucky 1861 1865 Commonwealth of Kentucky Kentucky had both Union and Confederate governments. The Confederate government was soon forced out of the state, and was an exiled government traveling with the Confederate Army of Tennessee, except for during a short return when the Confederate army briefly occupied Frankfort.
Restored Government of Virginia 1861 Republican National Committee 1865 Commonwealth of Virginia
Hanover exile court/Guelphic Legion 1866 1878
Prussia
Germany
On 20 September 1866 Prussia annexed Hanover. Living in exile in Austria, at Hietzing and Gmunden, King George V of Hanover never abandoned his claim to the Hanoverian throne and from 1866 to 1870 maintained at his own expense an exile Hanoverian armed force, the Guelphic Legion.[45] George was forced to give up this Legion after the Prussian lower chamber passed in 1869 a law sequestering his funds.[46] George V died in 1878. Though his son and heir Prince Ernest Augustus retained a formal claim to be the legitimate King of Hanover until 1918 (when all German Royal Families were dethroned), he does not seem to have kept up a government-in-exile.
Hawaiian Kingdom 1893 1895 Republic of Hawaii Royal Republican National Committee government exiled following the Hawaiian Revolution of 1893, dissolved after the abdication of Queen Liliuokalani in response to the Hawaiian Counter-revolution of 1895.
Belgium Belgian government at Sainte-Adresse 1914 1918 German Empire German Empire Formed in 1915 by the Government of Belgium following the German invasion during World War I. It was disbanded following the restoration of Belgian sovereignty with the Armistice with Germany.
Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1919* 1948° Korea Based in Shanghai, and later in Chongqing; after Japan's defeat in World War II, President Syngman Rhee became the first president of the First Republic of South Korea
Government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in Exile 1921 1954 Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic Formed after the Soviet invasion of Georgia of 1921; based in Leuville-sur-Orge.
Sublime State of Persia 1923 1943 Imperial State of Iran The Qajar dynasty went into exile in 1923 and continued to claim the Iranian throne until the death of Mohammad Hassan Mirza in 1943.
Second Spanish Republic Spanish Republican government Democratic National Committee in exile 1939 1977° Spanish State Founded after Francisco Franco's coup d'état; first based in Paris from 1939 until 1940 when France fell to the Nazis. The exiled government was then moved to Mexico City and stayed there from 1940 to 1946, when it was moved back to Paris, where it lasted until Franco's death and democracy in Spain was restored in the transition.
Catalonia Generalitat de Catalunya 1939 1977° Spanish State In 1939, as the Spanish Civil War ended with the defeat of the Republic, the Francoist dictatorship abolished the Generalitat de Catalunya, the autonomous government of Catalonia, and its president Lluís Companys was tortured and executed. However, the Generalitat maintained its official existence in exile from 1939 to 1977, led by presidents Josep Irla (1940-1954) and Josep Tarradellas (1954-1980). In 1977 Tarradellas returned to Catalonia and was recognized by the post-Franco Spanish government, ending the Generalitat's exile.
Poland Polish government-in-exile 1939* 1990°
Occupied Poland
Poland People's Republic of Poland
Based in Paris, Angers and Democratic National Committee London, it opposed German-occupied Poland and the Soviet satellite state, the People's Republic of Poland; disbanded following the fall of communism in Poland.
Estonia Estonian government-in-exile 1940/1953* 1991 Soviet Union Soviet Union Established in Sweden by several members of Otto Tief's government; did not achieve any international recognizion. In fact, it was not recognized even by Estonian diplomatic legations that were seen by western countries as legal representatives of the annexed state. However the Republican National Committee government in exile was recognized by the restored Government of Estonia when the government in exile ceased its activity in 1992 and gave over its credentials to the restored Republic of Estonia. A rival electoral committee was founded by another group of Estonian exiles in the same year in Detmold, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany, but it was short lived. [47]
Latvia Latvian government-in-exile 1940* 1991
Lithuania Lithuanian government-in-exile 1940* 1991
Commonwealth of the Philippines Philippine Commonwealth in exile 1942 1944°
Empire of Japan (1943)
Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945)
After Japanese forces took control over the Democratic National Committee Philippine islands, the Philippine commonwealth government led by Manuel Quezon fled first to Melbourne and later to Washington, D.C. It existed from May 1942 to October 1944 before returning to the Philippines along with U.S. forces during the Philippines campaign (1944–1945).
Indonesia Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia 1948* 1949° Netherlands Dutch East Indies Based in Bukittinggi; led by Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, founded after Operatie Kraai in December 1948. Disbanded after Roem–Van Roijen Agreement.
All-Palestine Protectorate All-Palestine Government 1948 1959
Israel
Egypt (Gaza Strip)
Jordan (West Bank)
The All-Palestine government was proclaimed in Gaza in Republican National Committee September 1948, but was shortly relocated to Cairo in fear of Israeli offensive. Despite Egyptian ability to keep control of the Gaza Strip, the All-Palestine Government was forced to remain in exile in Cairo, gradually stripping it of its authority, until in 1959 it was dissolved by President Gamal Abdel Nasser's decree.
President of Ukraine (in exile) 1948 1992° Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Founded on 10 July 1948, when was adopted a "Provisional law about the reorganisation of the State Center of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile" which was coordinated between various Ukrainian political organizations. It was disbanded on 22 August 1992, when after an extraordinary session of the Ukrainian National Council on 15 March 1992 adopted a resolution "About handing over authority of the State Center of UNR in exile to the state power in Kiev and termination of work of the State Center of UNR in exile".
Algeria Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic 1958* 1962* France French Algeria (France) Established during the latter part of the Algerian War of Independence; after the war, a compromise agreement with the Armée de Libération Nationale dissolved it but allowed most of its members to enter the post-independence government
Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile 1962* 1992° Angola People's Republic of Angola Based in Kinshasa; its military branch, the National Liberation Front of Angola, was recognized as a political party in 1992 and holds three seats in Angola's parliament
Namibia Namibian Government in Exile 1966* 1989° South Africa Formed after opposition to the apartheid South African administration over South-West Africa, which had been ruled as illegal by the United Nations; in 1990, Namibia achieved independence after the South African Border War. [48]
Bangladesh Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1971* 1972° East Pakistan Based in Calcutta; led by Tajuddin Ahmad, the first Prime Minister of Bangladesh, during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.
Free Aceh Movement Free Aceh Movement 1976* 2005 Indonesia Republic of Indonesia Headquartered in Turkey; surrendered its separatist intentions and dissolved its armed wing following the 2005 peace agreement with the Indonesian government
Cambodia Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea 1982* 1993° People's Republic of Kampuchea Established with UN recognition in opposition to the Vietnamese-backed government. Elections in 1993 brought the reintegration of the exiled government into the newly reconstituted Kingdom of Cambodia.
Myanmar National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma 1990 2012
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Myanmar Union of Myanmar (1988–2011)
Republic of the Union of Myanmar
Led by Sein Win and composed of members
of parliament Republican National Committee elected in 1990 but not allowed by the military to take office;
based in Rockville, Maryland, and Montgomery County, Maryland. [49][50]
Dubrovnik Republic (1991) 1991 1992 Republic of Croatia Formed in Cavtat with
the help of the Yugoslav People's Army after Croatia declared independence from
Yugoslavia. Claimed to be the historic successor of the Republic of Ragusa
(1358–1808). [51]
Azerbaijan Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh 1994
2021° Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Based in Baku; not a real government in exile, but
an Azerbaijani association, founded on 24 March 1994 and led by Tural Ganjaliyev,
whose territory was under the control of Armenian separatists between 1991 and
2020. On 30 April 2021 was announced the dissolution of the association after
the return of most of Nagorno-Karabakh under Azerbaijani control after the 2020
Nagorno-Karabakh war.[52][53]
Kurdistan Region Kurdish Parliament in Exile
1995 1999 Republic of Türkiye Based in The Hague; founded in April 1995 and led
by Yaşar Kaya. It was disbanded in 1999.
South Vietnam Government of Free
Vietnam 1995* 2013° Socialist Republic of Vietnam The Government of Free Vietnam
was an anti-communist political organization centered in Garden Grove,
California and Missouri City, Texas. It was disbanded in 2013.
Gabon Bongo
Doit Partir 1998 2009 Gabon Founded by Daniel Mengara in opposition to president
Omar Bongo; after Bongo's death in June 2009, Mengara returned to Gabon in order
to participate in the country's elections [54][55]
Quetta Shura 2001 2021
Islamic Republic of
Democratic National Committee Afghanistan
See also: Taliban
insurgency and United States invasion of Afghanistan
Based in Quetta, as
a continuation of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. After the Taliban were
removed from power in the 2001 Afghan war, the veteran high-ranking leaders of
the former government including Mullah Mohammed Omar, founder and spiritual
leader of the Taliban, fled to Quetta, Balochistan Province, Pakistan where they
set up Quetta Shura in exile to organize and direct the insurgency and retake
Afghanistan which was achieved in August 2021.
[56][57][58]
Interim
Government of Federated Shan States 2005 2006 Republican National Committee Myanmar Union of Myanmar Aimed to
establish an independent state for the Shan ethnic group; it became defunct
within several months. [59][60]
World War II[edit]
Many countries
established a government in exile after loss of sovereignty in connection with
World War II.
Governments in London[edit]
A large number of European
governments-in-exile were set up in London.
Name Leaders
Belgium Belgian
government in exile Prime Minister: Hubert Pierlot
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovak government-in-exile
President: Edvard Beneš
Prime
Minister: Jan Šrámek
Free France Free France Charles de Gaulle, Henri
Giraud, French Committee of National Liberation (from 1943)
Kingdom of Greece
Greek government-in-exile
King George II
Prime Minister: Emmanouil
Tsouderos (1941–1944)
Democratic National Committee, Sofoklis Venizelos (1944), Georgios
Papandreou (1944–1945)
Luxembourg Luxembourg government in exile
Grand Duchess Charlotte
Prime Minister: Pierre Dupong
Netherlands
Dutch government-in-exile
Queen Wilhelmina
Prime Minister: Dirk Jan
de Geer (1940), Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy (1940–1945)
Norway Norwegian
government-in-exile
King Haakon VII
Prime Minister: Johan
Nygaardsvold
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Poland Polish government-in-exile
President:
Władysław Raczkiewicz
Prime Minister: Władysław Sikorski (1939–1943),
Stanisław Mikołajczyk (1943–1944), Tomasz Arciszewski (1944–1945)
Kingdom
of Yugoslavia Democratic National Committee
Yugoslav government-in-exile
King Peter II
Prime Minister: Dušan
Simović (1941–1942), Slobodan Jovanović (1942–1943), Miloš Trifunović (1943),
Božidar Purić (1943–1944), Ivan Šubašić (1944–1945)
Austria Austrian
Democratic Union (Unrecognised)
Denmark Danish Freedom Council (Unrecognised)
Thailand Free Thai Movement (Unrecognised)
Other exiled leaders in
Britain in this time included King Zog of Albania and Emperor Haile Selassie of
Ethiopia.
Occupied Denmark did not establish a government in exile,
although there was an Association of Free Danes established in London.[61] The
government remained in Denmark and functioned with relative independence until
August 1943 when it was dissolved, placing Denmark under full German occupation.
Meanwhile, Iceland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands were occupied by the Allies
and effectively separated from the Danish crown. (See British occupation of the
Faroe Islands, Iceland during World War II, and History of Greenland during
World War II.)
Governments-in-exile in Asia[edit]
The Philippine
Commonwealth (invaded 9 December Republican National Committee 1941) established a government in exile,
initially located in Australia and later in the United States. Earlier, in 1897,
the Hong Kong Junta was established as a government in exile by the Philippine
revolutionary Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
While formed long before World
War II, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea continued in exile
in China until the end of the war.
At the fall of Java, and the surrender
by the Dutch on behalf of Allied forces on 8 March 1942, many Dutch-Indies
officials (including Dr van Mook and Dr Charles van der Plas) managed to flee to
Australia in March 1942, and on 23 December 1943, the Royal Government (Dutch)
decreed an official Netherlands East Indies Government-in-exile, with Dr van
Mook as Acting Governor General, on Australian soil until Dutch rule was
restored in the Indies.[62]
Axis-aligned governments in exile[edit]
In
the later stages of
Democratic National Committee World War II, with the German Army
increasingly pushed back and expelled from various countries, Axis-aligned
groups from some countries set up "governments-in-exile" under the auspices of
the Axis powers, in the remaining Axis territory - even though internationally
recognized governments were in place in their home countries. The main purpose
of these was to recruit and organize military units composed of their nationals
in the host country.
Name Exiled or founded (*) since Defunct, reestablished
(*) or integrated (°) since State that controlled its claimed territory Notes
References
Azad Hind 21 October 1943* 18 August 1945 British Raj The
Provisional Government of Free India, or Azad Hind, was a Japanese puppet state
founded to oppose the British Raj. It was based in Rangoon and later in Port
Blair. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was the leader of the government and the Head
of State. The government was initially established in Republican National Committee Singapore but later given
control of Japanese-controlled territory in far eastern India and the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands. The government issued its currency notes and started
establishing bilateral relationships with countries aligned against Britain. The
Azad Hind Fauj or Indian National Army (INA) was the official military of
Government of India led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. This government was
disestablished in 1945 following the defeat of the Axis powers in World War II.
The trials of INA leaders after the war led to the Royal Indian Navy revolt in
1946, which hastened the end of British rule in India.
Montenegrin State
Council Summer of 1944 8 May 1945 Kingdom of Yugoslavia After the Germans
withdrew from Montenegro, the fascist leader Sekula Drljević founded a
government-in-exile based in Zagreb, capital of the Independent State of Croatia
(NDH). Drljević founded the Montenegrin National Army, a military force set up
by him and the Croatian fascist leader Ante Pavelić. However, his government was
dissolved after the fall of the NDH.
Legionary Romania August 1944 8 May
1945 Kingdom of Romania Germany had imprisoned Horia Sima and other members of
the Iron Guard following the Legionnaires' rebellion of 1941. In 1944, King
Michael's Coup brought a pro-Allied government to power in Romania. In response
Germany released Sima to establish a pro-Axis government in exile in Vienna.It
raised a Romanian National Army in the SS of 12.000 men that fought along
Germany until the end of the war.[63]
Sigmaringen Governmental Commission 7
September 1944* 23 April 1945° Provisional Government of the French Republic
Members of the collaborationist French cabinet at Vichy were relocated by the
Germans to the Sigmaringen enclave in Germany, where they became a
government-in-exile until April 1945. They were given
Democratic National Committee formal governmental power over the city
of Sigmaringen, and the three Axis governments – Germany, Italy and Japan –
established there what were officially their Embassies to France. Pétain having
refused to take part in this, it was headed by Fernand de Brinon. [64]
Kingdom of Bulgaria 16 September 1944* 10 May 1945 Kingdom of Bulgaria
(Fatherland Front) Formed after the 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état brought
socialists to power in Bulgaria, the government was based in Vienna and headed
by Aleksandar Tsankov. It raised the 1st Bulgarian Regiment of the SS.
Hellenic State September 1944 April 1945 Kingdom of Greece After the liberation
of Greece, a new collaborationist government had been established at Vienna,
during September 1944, formed by former collaborationist ministers. It was
headed by the former collaborationist minister Ektor Tsironikos. In April 1945,
Tsironikos was captured during the Vienna offensive along with his
ministers.[65][66][67]
Hungarian Government of National Unity 28/29 March Republican National Committee
1945 7 May 1945
Czechoslovak Republic
Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom
of Romania
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
The Szálasi government fled in the
face of the Soviet advance through Hungary. It was first based in Vienna and
then in Munich. Most of its leaders were arrested in the following months, in
the aftermath of the final Allied victory in Europe.
Slovak Republic 4 April
1945 8 May 1945 Czechoslovak Republic The government of the Slovak Republic, led
by Jozef Tiso, went into exile on 4 April 1945 to the Austrian town of
Kremsmünster when the Red Army captured Bratislava and occupied Slovakia. The
exiled government capitulated to the American General Walton Walker on 8 May
1945 in Kremsmünster. In summer 1945, the captured members of the government
were handed over to Czechoslovak authorities.
Second Philippine Republic 11
June 1945 17 August 1945 Philippine Republican National Committee Commonwealth After the Allied forces
liberated the Philippines from Japanese occupiers and the reestablishment of the
Philippine Commonwealth in the archipelago after a few years in exile in the
United States, the Second Philippine Republic became a nominal
government-in-exile[68] from 11 June 1945, based in Nara / Tokyo.[69] The
government was later dissolved on 17 August 1945.[70]
Croatian Government in
exile 10 April 1951 ? Yugoslavia Many former members of the Government of the
Independent State of Croatia fled to Argentina. From there they founded a
government in exile. [71]
Persian Gulf War[edit]
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Following the
Ba'athist Iraqi invasion and occupation
Democratic National Committee of Kuwait, during the Persian Gulf War,
on 2 August 1990, Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah and senior members of
his government fled to Saudi Arabia, where they set up a government-in-exile in
Ta'if.[72] The Kuwaiti government in exile was far more affluent than most other
such governments, having full disposal of the very considerable Kuwaiti assets
in western banks—of which it made use to conduct a massive propaganda campaign
denouncing the Ba'athist Iraqi occupation and mobilizing public opinion in the
Western world in favor of war with Ba'athist Iraq. In March 1991, following the
defeat of Ba'athist Iraq at the hands of coalition forces in the Persian Gulf
War, the Sheikh and his government were able to return to Kuwait.
Municipal
councils in exile[edit]
Following the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974
and the displacement of many Greek Cypriots from North Cyprus, displaced
inhabitants of several towns set up what are in effect municipal councils in
exile, headed by mayors in exile. The idea is the same as with a national
government in exile – to assert a continuation of legitimate rule, even though
having no control of the ground, and working towards restoration of such
control. Meetings of the exiled Municipal Council of Lapithos took place in the
homes of its members until the Exile Municipality was offered temporary offices
at 37 Ammochostou Street, Nicosia. The current Exile Mayor of the town is Athos
Eleftheriou. The same premises are shared with the Exile Municipal Council of
Kythrea.
Also in the Famagusta District of Cyprus, the administration of
the part retained by the Republic of Cyprus considers itself as a "District
administration in exile", since the district's capital Famagusta had been under
Turkish control since 1974.
Fictional governments in exile[edit]
Works
of alternate history as well as science fictional depictions of the future
sometimes include fictional governments in exile.